Mouse Glucagon (GC) ELISA Kit

Plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes.; Potent stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin release. Also stimulates insulin release in response to IL6. Plays important roles on gastric motility and the suppression of plasma glucagon levels. May be involved in the suppression of satiety and stimulation of glucose disposal in peripheral tissues, independent of the actions of insulin. Has growth-promoting activities on intestinal epithelium. May also regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) via effects on LH, TSH, CRH, oxytocin, and vasopressin secretion. Increases islet mass through stimulation of islet neogenesis and pancreatic beta cell proliferation. Inhibits beta cell apoptosis (Probable).; Stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the colon is the principal target for GLP-2 action. Plays a key role in nutrient homeostasis, enhancing nutrient assimilation through enhanced gastrointestinal function, as well as increasing nutrient disposal. Stimulates intestinal glucose transport and decreases mucosal permeability.; Significantly reduces food intake. Inhibits gastric emptying in humans. Suppression of gastric emptying may lead to increased gastric distension, which may contribute to satiety by causing a sensation of fullness.; May modulate gastric acid secretion and the gastro-pyloro-duodenal activity. May play an important role in intestinal mucosal growth in the early period of life.

1. Data suggest that Tas1r2 and Tas1r3 are involved in regulation of Glp1 secretion in enteroendocrine cells; 3DG (3-deoxyglucosone) attenuates high glucose-stimulated Glp1 secretion by antagonizing Tas1r2/Tas1r3 subunits and downstream cAMP signaling. (Tas1r2 = sweet taste receptor subunit Tas1r2; Tas1r3 = sweet taste receptor subunit Tas1r3; Glp1 = glucagon-like peptide-1) PMID: 29277113
2. GPR119 is the oleoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol receptor that is required for GLP-1 secretion in enteroendocrine cells. PMID: 29883799
3. data show that the CREB/CRTC2-dependent transcriptional pathway is critical for regulating glucose homeostasis by controlling production of GLP-1 from the L cells at the level of transcription, maturation, and exocytosis. PMID: 29118086
4. the results of the present study indicated that GLP1 may be a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for HGinduced nephropathy, and may function through the activation of SIRT1 PMID: 29845208
5. this study, we investigated whether glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), hormones produced by alpha cells, contribute to insulin secretion in INS-1 cells, a beta cell line. Co-treatment with glucagon and exendin-4 (Ex-4), a GLP-1 receptor agonist, additively increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1 cells PMID: 29725251
6. results show that glucagon controls gene expression and metabolic zonation in the liver through a counterplay with the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. PMID: 29555772
7. Data (including data from studies using transgenic and knockout mice) suggest that Glp1/Glp1r signaling in insulin-secreting cells plays important role in development of glucose intolerance in obesity; however, Glp1r is not required in insulin-secreting cells for improvement in glucose intolerance after weight loss due to bariatric surgery (here, vertical sleeve gastrectomy). PMID: 29759973
8. Data suggest that metabolism of glutamine and related analogs by Gdh in intestinal L-cells explains why Glp1 secretion, but not that of insulin by pancreatic beta-cells, is activated by these secretagogues. (Gdh = glutamate dehydrogenase; Glp1 = glucagon-like peptide 1) PMID: 29229616
9. Glucokinase governs an alpha-cell metabolic pathway that suppresses secretion at or above normoglycemic levels; abnormal suppression of glucagon secretion deregulates hepatic glucose metabolism and, over time, induces a pre-diabetic phenotype. PMID: 29416045
10. in colonic crypt cultures, the GLP-1 secretion induced by such Gq + Gs GPR40 agonists is indeed inhibited by blockers of both Gq and Gs and is eliminated by combining these. PMID: 27908836
11. Enteric GLP-1 activates NO production by enteric neurons that is impaired in type 2 diabetes. Gut microbiota dysbiosis induces enteric neuropathy. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is responsible for the GLP-1 resistance. PMID: 28467926
12. of glucagon-like peptide-1 in vagotomized mice may prevent VLDL overproduction and insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet. PMID: 29074588
13. beta-cell function, plasma active GLP-1 levels, the GLP-1R pathway in beta cells and L cell differentiation, were investigated. PMID: 27436347
14. The role of syntaxin 1A in GLP1 release from intestinal cells as a response to external stimuli is reported. PMID: 28596237
15. GCG neurons likely stimulate separate populations of downstream cells to produce a change in food intake and glucose homeostasis and that these effects depend on the metabolic state of the animal. PMID: 28218622
16. Together, our data indicate effects of AgoPAMs that go beyond glucose lowering previously observed with GPR40 partial agonist treatment with additional potential for weight loss. PMID: 28292762
17. pancreatic reactivation of Gcg fully restored the effect of exendin-[9-39] to impair both oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance. PMID: 28325479
18. These findings suggest that TRPV2 activation via actin reorganization induced by Gq and G12/13 signaling is involved in LPI-stimulated GLP-1 secretion in enteroendocrine L cells. PMID: 28533434
19. These results show novel ex vivo effects of rebaudioside A on enteroendocrine cells of the mouse small intestine and highlight potentially new applications for rebaudioside A in metabolic diseases. PMID: 27798332
20. critical for the regulation of glucagon secretion in response to glucose in obesity PMID: 27547850
21. These results strongly suggest that incretins upregulate the TNF-alpha-stimulated IL6 synthesis in osteoblasts, and that the amplifying effect of incretin is exerted via reducing the IkappaB/NFkappaB pathway through the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system. PMID: 28204823
22. These results indicated that 5rolGLP-HV had dual-function in treating diabetes and preventing thrombosis. PMID: 26780765
23. Glucagon-like peptide-1 regulates calcium homeostasis and electrophysiological activities in cultured cardiomyocytes. PMID: 26930508
24. GLP-1 release is altered in intestinal cultures from a high fat diet-fed mice. PMID: 26145551
25. Data show that ginsenoside Rg3 stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in NCI-H716 enteroendocrine cells. PMID: 26675132
26. GPR119 in L-cells plays a key role in oral lipid-triggered GLP-1 secretion. PMID: 26144594
27. AMPK antagonizes hepatic glucagon signalling via phosphorylation-induced PDE4B activation PMID: 26952277
28. Deletion of AMPK alpha 1 and alpha 2 in proglucagon-expressing cells results in increased L-cell mass and elevated circulating GLP-1 levels. PMID: 27010458
29. The results suggest that TGR5 activation mediates cross-talk between alpha- and beta-cells by switching from glucagon to GLP-1 to restore beta- cell mass and function under hyperglycemic conditions. PMID: 26757816
30. the acute combined administration of the strongly insulinotropic GLP-1 and glucagon, both in vivo and in vitro, did not induce any additive or synergistic action on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. PMID: 26119909
31. Data (including data from studies in transgenic mice) suggest neurotensin/Nts, GLP-1, and peptide YY are closely co-expressed and co-secreted within enteroendocrine cells in ileum mucosa; however, Nts is stored in distinct/separate secretory granules. PMID: 26469136
32. CEACAM2 regulates insulin secretion, at least in part, by a GLP-1-mediated mechanism, independent of confounding metabolic factors. PMID: 26586918
33. These data suggest that GLP-1 released from NTS neurons can reduce highly palatable food intake by suppressing mesolimbic DA signaling. PMID: 26212334
34. Neuronostatin acts via GPR107 to increase cAMP-independent PKA phosphorylation and proglucagon mRNA accumulation in pancreatic alpha-cells. PMID: 26561648
35. Data indicate that GCGKO mice, lack all proglucagon-derived peptides, including glucagon and GLP-1 are animal model for studying the development, pathogenesis, and metastasis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (panNETs). PMID: 26192435
36. Data show that ileal sections were costained for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor TNFR1. PMID: 26270730
37. Data show that the action of bile acids on -like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion is predominantly mediated by G protein-coupled bile acid receptor GPBAR1 (TGR5) located on the basolateral L-cell membrane. PMID: 26280129
38. The PKC-dependent effect of GLP-1 on membrane potential and electrical activity was mediated by activation of Na(+)-permeable TRPM4 and TRPM5 channels by mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) from thapsigargin-sensitive Ca(2+) stores PMID: 26571400
39. It was suggested that increased ileal GPR119 is a potential mechanism by which GLP-1 secretion is enhanced in apoA-IV-/- mice. PMID: 26294669
40. Hypoxia decreases GLP-1 secretion from the GLUTag cell line, and our findings suggest that the postprandial decrease in oxygen tension in the intestine attenuates GLP-1 secretion. PMID: 25832631
41. In mice, food intake stimulates oxyntomodulin secretion from the gut, which resets liver transcription rhythms via induction of the core clock genes Per1 and 2. PMID: 25821984
42. Suggest that endogenous GLP-2 may act as a protective factor against the dysregulation of the glucose metabolism that occurs in mice fed a high fat diet. PMID: 25967277
43. synaptotagmin-7 is directly activated by GLP-1 signaling and may serve as a drug target for boosting insulin secretion. PMID: 26216970
44. Glucocorticoid receptor activation in GLP-1-producing cells will diminish the secretory responsiveness of these cells to subsequent carbohydrate stimulation leading to diabetes. PMID: 25853863
45. The patterns of colocalisation of the K cell marker, glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide, and the L cell markers, glucagon like peptide-1 and peptide YY, in enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine and colon of mouse and pig, were investigated. PMID: 25378285
46. These data indicate that GLP-1 but not GIP is a key mediator of beta cell mass expansion and related adaptations in pregnancy, triggered in part by generation of intra-islet GLP-1. PMID: 24927416
47. Data suggest that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes potentially mediate insulin resistance through modulation of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion in obesity. PMID: 25713030
48. Data suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) may be involved in normal sweet taste signal transmission. PMID: 25678625
49. NUCB2/nesfatin-1 is co-localized with GLP-1 and GIP in small intestinal cells. Data support the hypothesis that nesfatin-1 is present in enteroendocrine cells and that it stimulates incretin secretion. PMID: 25930999
50. results suggest that the fine-turning of GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L cells is established by the balance between alpha1-, alpha2-, and beta-ARs activation PMID: 25843795

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Secreted.; [Glucagon-like peptide 1]: Secreted.

Glucagon family

[Glucagon]: Secreted in the A cells of the islets of Langerhans.; [Glucagon-like peptide 1]: Secreted in the A cells of the islets of Langerhans. Secreted from enteroendocrine L cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Also secreted in selected neuron

KEGG: mmu:14526

STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000099794

UniGene: Mm.45494