Dog Transforming growth factor β1,TGF-β1 ELISA Kit

Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein: Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-1, respectively.; Required to maintain the Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chain in a latent state during storage in extracellular matrix. Associates non-covalently with TGF-beta-1 and regulates its activation via interaction with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS, that control activation of TGF-beta-1. Interaction with LRRC33/NRROS regulates activation of TGF-beta-1 in macrophages and microglia. Interaction with LRRC32/GARP controls activation of TGF-beta-1 on the surface of activated regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Interaction with integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8) results in distortion of the Latency-associated peptide chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1.; Multifunctional protein that regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types and is involved in various processes, such as normal development, immune function, microglia function and responses to neurodegeneration. Activation into mature form follows different steps: following cleavage of the proprotein in the Golgi apparatus, Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains remain non-covalently linked rendering TGF-beta-1 inactive during storage in extracellular matrix. At the same time, LAP chain interacts with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS that control activation of TGF-beta-1 and maintain it in a latent state during storage in extracellular milieus. TGF-beta-1 is released from LAP by integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8): integrin-binding to LAP stabilizes an alternative conformation of the LAP bowtie tail and results in distortion of the LAP chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1. Once activated following release of LAP, TGF-beta-1 acts by binding to TGF-beta receptors (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2), which transduce signal. While expressed by many cells types, TGF-beta-1 only has a very localized range of action within cell environment thanks to fine regulation of its activation by Latency-associated peptide chain (LAP) and 'milieu molecules'. Plays an important role in bone remodeling: acts as a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts. Can promote either T-helper 17 cells (Th17) or regulatory T-cells (Treg) lineage differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. At high concentrations, leads to FOXP3-mediated suppression of RORC and down-regulation of IL-17 expression, favoring Treg cell development. At low concentrations in concert with IL-6 and IL-21, leads to expression of the IL-17 and IL-23 receptors, favoring differentiation to Th17 cells. Stimulates sustained production of collagen through the activation of CREB3L1 by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Mediates SMAD2/3 activation by inducing its phosphorylation and subsequent translocation to the nucleus. Can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in various cell types.

1. Results suggested that CD61 (integrin-beta3) could induce canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cADMSCs) to differentiate into primordial germ cell (PGC)-like cells by relying on the activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) pathway. PMID: 28256590
2. obstructive sleep apnea can accelerate the progression of pulmonary remodeling through TGF-beta/miR-185/CoLA1 signaling PMID: 27542203
3. TGFbeta1 signaling through the canonical SMAD pathway is increased in myxomatous mitral valves, but does not apparently mediate interstitial cell apoptosis in canine MMVD. PMID: 23816827
4. IL-6 markedly decreased the nuclear concentration of a TGF-beta signaling transducer, Smad 2/3. PMID: 23579028
5. celastrol downregulates Snail expression, thereby inhibiting TGF-beta1-induced EMT in MDCK and A549 cells PMID: 23850675
6. Ostectomy healing with or without platelet-rich plasma as indicated by radiography and expression of PDGF and TGF-beta expression are reported. PMID: 23111655
7. This study tested the hypothesis that cyclic strain and TGFbeta1 interact to modify mitral valve interstitial cell phenotype in 3D culture. PMID: 22386586
8. PAK2 negatively modulate TGF-beta signaling by attenuating the receptor-Smad interaction and thus Smad activation PMID: 22393057
9. This study showed a lack of an effect of recombinant inteferon-gamma on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) expression in keratinocytes. PMID: 20860556
10. Wnt-5a is involved during oncogenic H-Ras/TGF-beta-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition PMID: 20511395
11. These results show basolateral domain specificity in localization of the TGFbeta receptor signaling apparatus. PMID: 20432436
12. These findings suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids are able to influence proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy and atopic dogs but do not seem to influence cytokine transcription. PMID: 20187917
13. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 secreted by canine transmissible venereal tumor cells suppresses lymphokine-activated killer cytotoxicity. PMID: 14734728
14. role played by TGF-beta in mediating the cyclosporine-induced activation of ERK1/2 and the resulting increase in transepithelial electric resistance PMID: 17460148
15. TGFbeta1 might be associated with pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation in chronic atrial fibrillation of dogs PMID: 17972164

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[Latency-associated peptide]: Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix.; [Transforming growth factor beta-1]: Secreted.

TGF-beta family

KEGG: cfa:403998

STRING: 9615.ENSCAFP00000007462

UniGene: Cfa.3509