Mouse Galectin-9(LGALS9) ELISA kit

Binds galactosides. Has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide. Ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3. Binding to HAVCR2 induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death. Also stimulates bactericidal activity in infected macrophages by causing macrophage activation and IL1B secretion which restricts intracellular bacterial growth. Ligand for P4HB; the interaction retains P4HB at the cell surface of Th2 T-helper cells, increasing disulfide reductase activity at the plasma membrane, altering the plasma membrane redox state and enhancing cell migration. Ligand for CD44; the interaction enhances binding of SMAD3 to the FOXP3 promoter, leading to up-regulation of FOXP3 expression and increased induced regulatory T (iTreg) cell stability and suppressive function. Promotes ability of mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T-cell proliferation. Expands regulatory T-cells and induces cytotoxic T-cell apoptosis following virus infection. Activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation inducing cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12) and chemokine (CCL2) production in mast and dendritic cells. Inhibits degranulation and induces apoptosis of mast cells. Induces maturation and migration of dendritic cells. Inhibits natural killer (NK) cell function. Can transform NK cell phenotype from peripheral to decidual during pregnancy. Astrocyte derived galectin-9 enhances microglial TNF production. May play a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus. May provide the molecular basis for urate flux across cell membranes, allowing urate that is formed during purine metabolism to efflux from cells and serving as an electrogenic transporter that plays an important role in renal and gastrointestinal urate excretion. Highly selective to the anion urate.; Acts as an eosinophil chemoattractant. It also inhibits angiogenesis. Suppresses IFNG production by natural killer cells.

1. galectin-9 mediates the close association of IgM and CD22. PMID: 30120235
2. m4-1BBL and Gal-9 act together to aid aggregation of m4-1BB monomers to efficiently initiate m4-1BB signaling. PMID: 29242193
3. this study shows that impaired Gal-9 dysregulates the blood mononuclear cells-induced Th1/Th2 imbalance in abortion-prone matings PMID: 29651447
4. Gal9 may be a new immunomodulatory target for macrophages. PMID: 28990062
5. these findings reveal a critical role for Tim-3-Gal-9 signaling-mediated immunoregulation by pNK cells in maternal-fetal immune tolerance and suggest that Tim-3 abundance on pNK cells is a potential biomarker for recurrent miscarriage diagnosis. PMID: 28951537
6. in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we show that an agonist of DR3 suppressed disease, correlating with expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs, and this protective effect was lost in Galectin-9-/- mice PMID: 28877989
7. Galectin 9 is a novel dectin 1 ligand in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Upon disruption of the dectin 1-galectin 9 axis, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which are dispensable for PDA progression in hosts with an intact signaling axis, become reprogrammed into indispensable mediators of anti-tumor immunity. PMID: 28394331
8. The Gal-9/Tim-3 signal is important for the regulation of decidua NK cells function, which is beneficial for the maintenance of a normal pregnancy. PMID: 25578313
9. present in the spongiotrophoblast layer of the haemochorial placenta PMID: 26278059
10. These results indicate the possibility that cooperative binding of oligosaccharide and neighboring polypeptide structures of monoclonal IgE to galectin-9 affects the overall affinity and specificity of the IgE-lectin interaction. PMID: 26582205
11. galectin-9 functions as a novel alarmin by augmenting the inflammatory response in sepsis development during pulmonary F. novicida infection. PMID: 25898318
12. Gal-9 has a role in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis and preventing liver ischemia-reperfusion injury PMID: 25931247
13. Gal-9, a natural TIM-3 ligand, was produced primarily by and released from ischemia-reperfusion-stressed hepatocytes, both in vivo and in vitro. PMID: 25450716
14. Galectin-9 functions as an astrocyte-microglia communication signal and promotes cytokine production from microglia in a Tim-3 independent manner. PMID: 25158758
15. galectin-9, in addition to being an effector molecule for regulatory T cells cells, acts synergistically with TGF-beta to enforce iTreg cell differentiation and maintenance. PMID: 25065622
16. Galectin-9 is a suppressor of T and B cells and predicts the immune modulatory potential of mesenchymal stromal cell preparations. PMID: 24083426
17. action of agonist anti-4-1BB in suppressing autoimmune and allergic inflammation was completely dependent on Galectin-9 (Gal-9). Gal-9 directly bound to 4-1BB, in a site distinct from the binding site of antibodies and the natural ligand of 4-1BB PMID: 24958847
18. Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway plays a critical role in the homeostasis of hepatic Tregs through the elimination induction in Teffs and the inhibition of IFN-gamma release. PMID: 24333756
19. Gal-9 expressed on corneal endothelial cells protects them from destruction by allo-reactive T cells within the cornea. PMID: 23667648
20. contributes to the inducible immunomodulatory functions of mesenchymal stromal cells PMID: 23817958
21. Gal-9 is induced in astrocytes by TNF via the JNK/c-Jun pathway. PMID: 23836896
22. Galectin-9 impairs the function of NK cells, including cytotoxicity and cytokine production. PMID: 23408620
23. These results show a differential regulation of Lgals9 isoform expression during normal and pathological pregnancies and designate Lgals9 as a potential marker for adverse pregnancy outcomes. PMID: 23242525
24. CD4 T cells expressing Gal-9 on the cell surface (Gal-9(+) Th cells) secrete Gal-9 upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. PMID: 23144904
25. Gal-9 directly induces Tim-3+ natural killer [NK]T cell apoptosis and contributes to the depletion of NKT cells in diet-induced steatosis; Gal-9 also interacts with Tim-3-expressing Kupffer cells to induce secretion of interleukin (IL)-15. PMID: 23296703
26. These studies are the first to show that the absence of Tim-3/gal-9 pathway interactions augments systemic graft versus host disease and regulatory T-cells contribute to it. PMID: 22677125
27. We concluded that pro-apoptotic effects on Th1 population through galectin-9-Tim-3 pathway and the up-regulation of Tim-2 on Th2 cells might be critical to Th2-biased response of host with schistosomiasis japonica. PMID: 22469568
28. Gal-9 negatively regulates Th2-mediated eosinophilic inflammation of the lung and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells might be involved in suppressing allergic inflammation PMID: 22627368
29. Data show exacerbated inflammation and increased IL-17-producing Th17 cells balanced by a decrease in Foxp3+ Tregs in Gal-9(-/-) experimental allergic encephalomyelitis model. PMID: 22341088
30. host homeostatic mechanism mediated by Gal-9/Tim-3 interaction on CD8(+) T cells can influence the outcome of HSV-1 latent infection. PMID: 22021615
31. In a mouse food allergy model, blocking Gal-9 inhibited the allergic hypersensitivity status and the antigen-specific Th2 response in the intestine. PMID: 21426359
32. Galectin-9 and Tim-3 are closely related to inflammatory process in asthma. PMID: 21575348
33. The N- and C-terminal CRDs of Gal-9 contribute differently to its ability to induce T cell death and to activate dendritic cells. PMID: 21146220
34. the T(H)1 cell surface molecule Tim3 has evolved to inhibit growth of intracellular pathogens via its ligand Gal9, which in turn inhibits expansion of effector T(H)1 cells to prevent further tissue inflammation. PMID: 20937702
35. galectin (Gal)-9 acts to constrain CD8(+) T cell immunity to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection PMID: 20463811
36. elevated protein level in the lungs of mice with of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma PMID: 19851072
37. the Tim-3-galectin-9 pathway may have evolved to ensure effective termination of effector T helper type 1 cells PMID: 16286920
38. analysis of the crystal structure of the galectin-9 N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain PMID: 16990264
39. Structural analysis of LGALS9 terminal carbohydrate recognition domain reveals unexpected properties that differ from the mouse orthologue, Lgals9. PMID: 18005988
40. galectin-9 ameliorates mouse collagen-induced arthritis by suppressing the generation of Th17, promoting the induction of regulatory T cells. PMID: 18282810
41. Tim-3-Galectin-9 pathway plays an important role in the termination of productive Th1-immune response and could lead to developing novel therapies in transplant medicine. PMID: 18346632
42. Gal-9 suppresses both attachment and invasion of tumor cells by inhibiting the binding of adhesive molecules on tumor cells to ligands on vascular endothelium and ECM. PMID: 18579572
43. Gal-9 promotes natural killer cell-mediated anti-tumor activity by expanding unique macrophages with a plasmacytoid dendritic cell-like phenotype PMID: 18974023
44. Gal-9 potentiates CD8(+) T cell-mediated antitumor immunity via Gal-9-Tim-3 interactions between DCs and CD8(+) T cells. PMID: 19017954
45. The T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-3 (TIM-3)/galectin-9 interaction plays a critical role in influencing the expression of herpes simplex virus-induced ocular lesions. PMID: 19234217
46. expressed on CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T regs involved in suppression of skin graft alloresponse PMID: 19362679
47. gal-9 may downregulate Th1 immune response in NOD mice and could be used as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diabetes. PMID: 19670381
48. Galectin-9 is a high affinity IgE-binding lectin with anti-allergic effect by blocking IgE-antigen complex formation PMID: 19776007
49. Galectin 9 upregulates FcgammaRiib and down-regulates FcgammaRiii expression in macrophages and thus suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production and C5a generation. PMID: 19800850

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Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Secreted.

Accentuated expression in liver and thymus of embryo, detected in embryonic heart, brain, lung, liver, and kidney. Highly expressed in adult thymus, small intestine, and liver, and to a lesser extent in lung, kidney, spleen, cardiac, and skeletal muscle.

KEGG: mmu:16859

STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000103904

UniGene: Mm.341434