Mouse Midkine(MDK) ELISA kit

Secreted protein that functions as cytokine and growth factor and mediates its signal through cell-surface proteoglycan and non-proteoglycan receptors. Binds cell-surface proteoglycan receptors via their chondroitin sulfate (CS) groups. Thereby regulates many processes like inflammatory response, cell proliferation, cell adhesion, cell growth, cell survival, tissue regeneration, cell differentiation and cell migration. Participates in inflammatory processes by exerting two different activities. Firstly, mediates neutrophils and macrophages recruitment to the sites of inflammation both by direct action by cooperating namely with ITGB2 via LRP1 and by inducing chemokine expression. This inflammation can be accompanied by epithelial cell survival and smooth muscle cell migration after renal and vessel damage, respectively. Secondly, suppresses the development of tolerogenic dendric cells thereby inhibiting the differentiation of regulatory T cells and also promote T cell expansion through NFAT signaling and Th1 cell differentiation. Promotes tissue regeneration after injury or trauma. After heart damage negatively regulates the recruitment of inflammatory cells and mediates cell survival through activation of anti-apoptotic signaling pathways via MAPKs and AKT pathways through the activation of angiogenesis. Also facilitates liver regeneration as well as bone repair by recruiting macrophage at trauma site and by promoting cartilage development by facilitating chondrocyte differentiation. Plays a role in brain by promoting neural precursor cells survival and growth through interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Binds PTPRZ1 and promotes neuronal migration and embryonic neurons survival. Binds SDC3 or GPC2 and mediates neurite outgrowth and cell adhesion. Binds chondroitin sulfate E and heparin leading to inhibition of neuronal cell adhesion induced by binding with GPC2. Binds CSPG5 and promotes elongation of oligodendroglial precursor-like cells. Also binds ITGA6:ITGB1 complex; this interaction mediates MDK-induced neurite outgrowth. Binds LRP1; promotes neuronal survival. Binds ITGA4:ITGB1 complex; this interaction mediates MDK-induced osteoblast cells migration through PXN phosphorylation. Binds anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) which induces ALK activation and subsequent phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS1), followed by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3-kinase, and the induction of cell proliferation. Promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition through interaction with NOTCH2. During arteriogenesis, plays a role in vascular endothelial cell proliferation by inducing VEGFA expression and release which in turn induces nitric oxide synthase expression. Moreover activates vasodilation through nitric oxide synthase activation. Negatively regulates bone formation in response to mechanical load by inhibiting Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in osteoblasts. In addition plays a role in hippocampal development, working memory, auditory response, early fetal adrenal gland development and the female reproductive system.

1. leukocyte domiciled midkine mediates increased plasma levels of VEGFA relevant for upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase 1 and 3 PMID: 29233575
2. Study demonstrates that regulation of astroglial responses to lipopolysaccharide administration are highly dependent on the levels of expression of pleiotrophin and midkine. PMID: 29061398
3. MDK functions in the ventral tegmental area to limit ethanol consumption and levels of CCL2 PMID: 28398003
4. It may be involved in the regeneration of acinar cells in acute pancreatitis. PMID: 27992669
5. Analyses of the melanoma secretome and validation in clinical specimens showed that the heparin-binding factor midkine is a systemic inducer of neo-lymphangiogenesis that defines patient prognosis. This role of midkine was linked to a paracrine activation of the mTOR pathway in lymphatic endothelial cells. PMID: 28658220
6. MK limits amphetamine-induced striatal neuroinflammation PMID: 28044069
7. MK serves an indispensable role in the NFAT-regulated activation of CD4(+) T cells and Th1 cell differentiation. PMID: 28183532
8. Ethanol engages MDK (and ALK) signaling, which has important consequences for alcohol-induced neurotoxicity. PMID: 26206265
9. Mdk plays a crucial role in the early inflammation phase and during the development of cartilaginous callus in the fracture healing process. PMID: 25551381
10. MK-deficient mice produced higher amounts of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and EETs dominantly regulated blood pressure in these mice. PMID: 25377079
11. This study demonistrated that a differential regulation of specific behavioural responses to ethanol by midkine. PMID: 25149366
12. clonidine-induced analgesia was significantly enhanced in PTN-/- mice compared to MK-/- and WT+/+ mice in the tail-immersion test PMID: 23891830
13. MK did not lead to an inflammatory activation of neutrophils suggesting that it does not serve as classical proinflammatory cytokine. PMID: 24458438
14. midkine plays a critical role in cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling. PMID: 24291499
15. Midkine exerts a neuroprotective role against amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in striatum. PMID: 23459167
16. MK leads to a blockade of PAI-1, which is closely associated with the suppression of crescentic glomerulonephritis. PMID: 23201132
17. Soluble rhMDK, rmMDK and rhPTN were expressed at a high-level and the protein was purified by a one-step purification using heparin affinity chromatography. Activity of purified rhMDK and rhPTN was confirmed by a cell proliferation assay. PMID: 22871361
18. Findings indicate a critical role for the midkine-Notch2 signaling axis in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, which implicates new strategies to treat neuroblastoma. PMID: 23243020
19. This study concluded that MEK is essential for acquisition of gliogenic competence by radial progenitors and that levels of MEK activity regulate gliogenesis in the developing cortex. PMID: 22998872
20. Identify endothelial cells as the source of soluble midkine in the vascular system during hypoxia and defined midkine as a pivotal player of angiogenesis during ischemia in nonmalignant tissue. PMID: 22707563
21. identify significant differences between PTN and MK in the control of pain processing at the spinal level, and support the hypothesis that inhibitors of the PTN/MK signaling pathway could potentiate opioid analgesia PMID: 22342918
22. Midkine knock-out mice display pronounced impairments in their olfactory discrimination ability and short-term social recognition memory with no gross motor alterations. PMID: 21301897
23. midkine aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing tolerogenic dendritic cell development, thereby impairing the regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cell population PMID: 22323540
24. data demonstrate that Mdk-deficiency in mice has an anabolic effect on mechanically induced cortical bone formation PMID: 21185956
25. It is a growth factor which plays a role in pathogenesis of neoplasms and inflammations and is a neuroprotectant in case of nerve injuries. (review) PMID: 21089377
26. Mdk deficiency, at least in mice, results in an increased trabecular bone formation. PMID: 20200993
27. Midkine promotes self-renewal and proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells. PMID: 20442752
28. Neuroprotective effect of midkine gene transfer persisted until the subacute phase of brain infarction. Midkine may contribute to neuronal regeneration. These results suggest the usefulness of midkine gene transfer for treatment of brain infarction. PMID: 19535098
29. A lack of MK following sciatic nerve injury is a critical factor in degeneration and regeneration. PMID: 19437545
30. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeted to Midkine, a heparin-binding growth factor, suppresses tumorigenicity of mouse rectal carcinoma cells. PMID: 11731432
31. midkine binds to ALK and has a role in signal transduction for cell growth and survival PMID: 12122009
32. midkine expression is associated with postnatal lung development, but not necessarily with hyperoxic cell damage. PMID: 12207052
33. Midkine expression in nephrogenesis and its role in ischaemic reperfusion injury. MK induces chemotaxis of inflammatory leukocytes into the tubulointerstitium and contributes to aggravation of ischaemia-induced tubulointerstitial damage. PMID: 12386288
34. MK staining in the respiratory epithelial cells correlated with sites of expression of thyroid transcription factor (TTF) -1, a transcription factor regulating formation and gene expression in the lung parenchyma. PMID: 12761850
35. Pleiotrophin and Midkine are differently expressed and distributed during retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation PMID: 14708942
36. nuclear targeting growth factor midkine undergoes proteasomal degradation PMID: 14970216
37. MK participates in each of the two distinct phases of rheumatoid arthritis development, namely, migration of inflammatory leukocytes and osteoclast differentiation, and is a key molecule in the pathogenesis PMID: 15146411
38. Midkine is regulated by hypoxia and causes pulmonary vascular remodeling PMID: 15197188
39. midkine has a role in susceptibility to cisplatin-induced renal damage PMID: 15509530
40. Midkine antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotide reduced ischemia reperfusion injury to kidney epithelium. PMID: 15780085
41. MK may play a role in epithelium-mesenchyme interactions, blood vessel signaling, and the decision of proliferation vs differentiation. PMID: 15823575
42. These data support potentially high levels importance of MK and the MK/PTN developmental gene family in downstream signals initiated by angiotensin II. PMID: 15979460
43. midkine regulates pleiotrophin gene expression with a high degree of organ specificity, suggesting that pleiotrophin gene expression follows midkine gene expression in development PMID: 15985215
44. MK together with pleiotrophin are very important regulators of the catecholamine pathway in mouse aorta and may critically regulate catecholamine biosynthesis. PMID: 16643958
45. Left ventricular fractional shortening 24 hours after ischemia/reperfusion injury in midkine (Mdk)-deficient mice is significantly less than that in Mdk-expressing wild-type mice. PMID: 17015789
46. Female infertility in mice may result from deficiency in Mdk. PMID: 17121547
47. Midkine-STAT3 signaling pathway plays a necessary role in mitotic clonal expansion and differentiation. PMID: 17204554
48. High glucose upregulated Midkine expression in primary-cultured tubular epithelial cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice with diabetic nephropathy. PMID: 17607302
49. Glucocorticoid receptor-null lungs included p21 CIP1 (decreased 2.9-fold, P < 0.05), a negative regulator of the cell cycle, and Mdk (increased 6.0-fold, P < 0.05), a lung growth factor. PMID: 17901120
50. Deficiency in midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor involved in oncogenesis, inflammation, and tissue repair, attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) because of an expansion of the Treg cell population in peripheral lymph nodes. PMID: 18319343

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Secreted.

Pleiotrophin family

Expressed in the follicular epithelium and granulosa cells of the ovary.

KEGG: mmu:17242

STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000028672

UniGene: Mm.906