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  4. EIF2AK2 (Ab-446) Antibody

EIF2AK2 (Ab-446) Antibody

  • 货号：
    CSB-PA168179
  • 规格：
    ￥2024
  • 图片：
    • Western blot analysis of extracts from 293, Hela and C6 cells using PKR(Ab-446) Antibody.
    • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using PKR(Ab-446) Antibody(left) or the same antibody preincubated with blocking peptide(right).
    • Immunofluorescence staining of methanol-fixed Hela cells using PKR(Ab-446) Antibody.
  • 其他：

产品详情

  • 产品名称：
    Rabbit anti-Homo sapiens (Human) EIF2AK2 Polyclonal antibody
  • Uniprot No.：
    P19525
  • 基因名：
  • 宿主：
    Rabbit
  • 反应种属：
    Human
  • 免疫原：
    Peptide sequence around aa.444~448 (K-R-T-R-S) derived from Human PKR.
  • 免疫原种属：
    Homo sapiens (Human)
  • 克隆类型：
    Polyclonal
  • 纯化方式：
    Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic peptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific peptide.
  • 浓度：
    It differs from different batches. Please contact us to confirm it.
  • 产品提供形式：
    Liquid
  • 应用范围：
    ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
  • 推荐稀释比：
    Application Recommended Dilution
    WB 1:500-1:1000
    IHC 1:50-1:200
    IF 1:100-1:200
  • Protocols：
  • 储存条件：
    Upon receipt, store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze.
  • 货期：
    Basically, we can dispatch the products out in 1-3 working days after receiving your orders. Delivery time maybe differs from different purchasing way or location, please kindly consult your local distributors for specific delivery time.

产品评价

靶点详情

  • 功能：
    IFN-induced dsRNA-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha) and plays a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection. Inhibits viral replication via the integrated stress response (ISR): EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha phosphorylation in response to viral infection converts EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha in a global protein synthesis inhibitor, resulting to a shutdown of cellular and viral protein synthesis, while concomitantly initiating the preferential translation of ISR-specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activator ATF4. Exerts its antiviral activity on a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses including hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), measles virus (MV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1). Also involved in the regulation of signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation: phosphorylates other substrates including p53/TP53, PPP2R5A, DHX9, ILF3, IRS1 and the HHV-1 viral protein US11. In addition to serine/threonine-protein kinase activity, also has tyrosine-protein kinase activity and phosphorylates CDK1 at 'Tyr-4' upon DNA damage, facilitating its ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation. Either as an adapter protein and/or via its kinase activity, can regulate various signaling pathways (p38 MAP kinase, NF-kappa-B and insulin signaling pathways) and transcription factors (JUN, STAT1, STAT3, IRF1, ATF3) involved in the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines and IFNs. Activates the NF-kappa-B pathway via interaction with IKBKB and TRAF family of proteins and activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway via interaction with MAP2K6. Can act as both a positive and negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway (ISP). Negatively regulates ISP by inducing the inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) at 'Ser-312' and positively regulates ISP via phosphorylation of PPP2R5A which activates FOXO1, which in turn up-regulates the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2). Can regulate NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and the activation of NLRP3, NLRP1, AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasomes. Plays a role in the regulation of the cytoskeleton by binding to gelsolin (GSN), sequestering the protein in an inactive conformation away from actin.
  • 基因功能参考文献：
    1. We demonstrated the activation of PKR pathway in CADASIL PMID: 30073405
    2. These results establish that PKR regulation through stress-induced TRBP phosphorylation is an important mechanism ensuring cellular recovery and preventing apoptosis due to sustained PKR activation. PMID: 29348664
    3. Auto-phosphorylation represses PKR activity. PMID: 28281686
    4. The finding that zebularine upregulates CYP gene expression through DNMT1 and PKR modulation sheds light on the mechanisms controlling hepatocyte function and thus may aid in the development of new in-vitro systems using high-functioning hepatocytes PMID: 28112215
    5. Multiples studies identified PKR as a crucial component of the host defense mechanism against viruses. The dynamic nature of PKR's structure allows it to interact with viral and many cellular molecules that ultimately affect the function of target molecules and downstream components of their pathways. [review] PMID: 29716441
    6. High PKR expression is associated with Colorectal Cancer Cell Invasiveness. PMID: 30275201
    7. The data demonstrate that E3 promotes F1 expression by blocking activation of the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR). PMID: 29997208
    8. findings indicate that MSI1 plays a leading role in stress granule formation that grants cancer stem cell properties and chemoresistant stress granules in GBM, in response to stressful conditions via the PKR/eIF2alpha signalling cascade. PMID: 29486283
    9. Here, the s report that LRP16 selectively interacts and activates double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase (PKR), and also acts as scaffolds to assist the formation of a ternary complex of PKR and IKKbeta, prolonging the polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR)-dependent nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) transactivation caused by DNA-damaging agents and confers acquired chemoresistance. PMID: 28820388
    10. These data suggest that even a modest increase in expression of this weak PKR antagonist is sufficient to enable RhCMV replication in human cells. PMID: 29263260
    11. Activation of PKR by TNF-alpha mRNA element enables PKR phosphorylation. PKR phosphorylation on Ser51 is necessary and sufficient for efficient splicing of TNF-alpha mRNA. PMID: 28683312
    12. PKR is co-opted by EV-A71 via viral protease 3C-mediated proteolytic activation to facilitate viral replication. PMID: 28702377
    13. Findings suggest a novel role for PKR in lung cancer cells as a mediator of radiation resistance possibly through translocation of the protein product to the nucleus. PMID: 27203671
    14. a novel, positive role for PKR activation and eIF2alpha phosphorylation in human globin mRNA splicing, is reported. PMID: 28374749
    15. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated ablation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase R (PKR) restored p53 responses while boosting hepatitis C virus replication, showing that p53 inhibition results directly from viral activation of PKR. PMID: 28442604
    16. Gene silencing studies showed that the suppression of immunoproteasome induction is essentially dependent on protein kinase R (PKR). Indeed, the generation of a strictly immunoproteasome-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope was impaired in in vitro processing experiments using isolated 20S proteasomes from HCV-infected cells and was restored by the silencing of PKR expression. PMID: 27833096
    17. data provide the first evidence that KSHV ORF57 plays a role in modulating PKR/eIF2alpha/SG axis and enhances virus production during virus lytic infection. PMID: 29084250
    18. The PKR is a key constituent of the metaflammasome and interacts directly with several inflammatory kinases, such as inhibitor kappaB (IkappaB) kinase (IKK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), and component of the translational machinery such as eIF2alpha. PMID: 26831644
    19. infection with New World arenaviruses JUNV and MACV, but not OW LASV, activated PKR, concomitant with elevated phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 PMID: 28794024
    20. The stem-loop of noncoding RNA 886 is structural feature not only critical for inhibiting PKR autophosphorylation, but also the phosphorylation of its cellular substrate, EIF-2alpha. PMID: 28069888
    21. Protein kinase R (PKR) was required for induction of stress granules (SGs) by mumps virus (MuV) infection and regulated type III IFN (IFN-lambda1) mRNA stability. PMID: 27560627
    22. data establish a model in which the Influenza A virus NS1 N-terminal domain engages in a binding interaction to inhibit activation of PKR and ensure efficient viral propagation and virulence PMID: 28250123
    23. It was established in this report that interactions between PACT, ADAR1 and HIV-1-encoded Tat protein diminish the activation of PKR in response to HIV-1 infection. PMID: 28167698
    24. In insulitic islets from living patients with recent-onset T1D, most of the overexpressed ISGs, including GBP1, TLR3, OAS1, EIF2AK2, HLA-E, IFI6, and STAT1, showed higher expression in the islet core compared with the peri-islet area containing the surrounding immune cells PMID: 27422384
    25. NF90 exerts its antiviral activity by antagonizing the inhibitory role of NS1 on PKR phosphorylation PMID: 27423063
    26. Crucially, Chlamydia trachomatis infection resulted in robust IRE1alpha RNAse activity that was dependent on TLR4 signalling and inhibition of IRE1alpha RNAse activity prevented PKR activation. PMID: 27021640
    27. the expression of a Tat construct containing mutations in the basic region (49-57aa), which is responsible for the interaction with PKR, favored neither parasite growth nor IL-10 expression in infected macrophages. PMID: 26608746
    28. This study provides insight into the molecular pathology of Cornelia de Lange syndrome by establishing a relationship between NIPBL and HDAC8 mutations and PKR activation. PMID: 26725122
    29. The Newcastle disease virus-induced translation shutoff at late infection times was attributed to sustaining phosphorylation of eIF2a, which is mediated by continual activation of PKR and degradation of PP1. PMID: 26869028
    30. The sole essential function of cytomegalovirus TRS1 is to antagonize host PKR. PMID: 26716879
    31. results show that ceramide acts at two distinct levels of the insulin signaling pathway (IRS1 and Akt). PKR, which is induced by both inflammation signals and ceramide, could play a major role in the development of insulin resistance in muscle cells. PMID: 26698173
    32. Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection increased the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)2alpha and its kinase PKR. The activation of PKR during CSFV infection is beneficial to the virus. PMID: 25899421
    33. these data indicate a pivotal role for PKR's protein-binding function on the proliferation of pancreatic beta cells through TRAF2/RIP1/NF-kappaB/c-Myc pathways. PMID: 25715336
    34. The results from this study indicate an important role of RAX/PKR association in regulating PKR activity as well as ethanol neurotoxicity PMID: 25592072
    35. The G3BP1-Caprin1-PKR complex represents a new mode of PKR activation and is important for antiviral activity of G3BP1 and PKR during infection with mengovirus. PMID: 25784705
    36. The data support a model in which activating RNAs induce formation of a back-to-back parallel PKR kinase dimer whereas nonactivating RNAs either fail to induce dimerization or produce an alternative, inactive dimer configuration. PMID: 26488609
    37. Tyrosine phosphorylated EIF2AK2 plays a role in the regulation of insulin induced protein synthesis and in maintaining insulin sensitivity. PMID: 26321373
    38. PKR expression correlates with inferior survival and shorter remission duration for acute myeloid leukemia patients. PMID: 26202421
    39. No significant association was determined between the rs2254958 EIF2AK2 polymorphism and the development of IBD, or clinical outcome. PMID: 25607115
    40. the affinity of PACT-PACT and PACT-PKR interactions is enhanced in dystonia patient lymphoblasts, thereby leading to intensified PKR activation and enhanced cellular death. PMID: 26231208
    41. Protein levels of PRKR were significantly increased in prefrontal cortex in chronic excessive alcohol use. PMID: 25704249
    42. Mechanism by which PK2 inhibits the model eIF2alpha kinase human RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) as well as native insect eIF2alpha kinases, is reported. PMID: 26216977
    43. G3BP1, G3BP2 and CAPRIN1 are required for translation of interferon stimulated mRNAs and are targeted by a dengue virus non-coding RNA. PMID: 24992036
    44. This study demonstrates that two interferon stimulated genes, i.e. PKR and ADAR1 have opposite effects on HTLV replication in vivo. PMID: 25389016
    45. PKR directly interacts with HIV-1 Tat and phosphorylates the first exon of Tat exclusively at five Ser/Thr residues, which inhibits Tat-mediated provirus transcription. PMID: 25653431
    46. s show that the PXXP domain within G3BP1 is essential for the recruitment of PKR to stress granules, for eIF2alpha phosphorylation driven by PKR, and for nucleating stress granules of normal composition. PMID: 25520508
    47. Further studies revealed that Andes virus nucleocapsid protein inhibited PKR dimerization, a critical step required for PKR autophosphorylation to attain activity. PMID: 25410857
    48. SUMO potentiates the inhibition of protein synthesis induced by PKR in response to dsRNA. PMID: 25074923
    49. Early dsRNA induced transient activation of the cellular dsRNA sensor protein kinase R (PKR), resulting in enhanced production of interferons and cytokines in cells and mice. PMID: 25297997
    50. Cyclophilin inhibitors reduce phosphorylation of PKR and eIF2alpha during HCV infection to allow for translation of ISG products. PMID: 24786893

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  • 亚细胞定位：
    Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Cytoplasm, perinuclear region.
  • 蛋白家族：
    Protein kinase superfamily, Ser/Thr protein kinase family, GCN2 subfamily
  • 组织特异性：
    Highly expressed in thymus, spleen and bone marrow compared to non-hematopoietic tissues such as small intestine, liver, or kidney tissues. Colocalizes with GSK3B and TAU in the Alzheimer disease (AD) brain. Elevated levels seen in breast and colon carcin
  • 数据库链接：

    HGNC: 9437

    OMIM: 176871

    KEGG: hsa:5610

    STRING: 9606.ENSP00000233057

    UniGene: Hs.131431