Recombinant Human Platelet factor 4 (PF4)

1. CXCL4 boosts pro-inflammatory cytokine production especially IL-17 by CD4(+) T cells, either by acting directly or indirectly via myeloid antigen presenting cells, implicating a role for CXCL4 in psoriatic arthritis pathology. PMID: 29193036
2. The data show that antibodies magnify immune responses induced in PBMCs by PF4 alone or in complex with heparin or LMWH. s propose that following induction of HIT antibodies by heparin-PF4 complexes, binding of the antibodies to PF4 is sufficient to induce a local pro-inflammatory response which may play a role in the progression of HIT. PMID: 28968537
3. Report anti-PF4/H monoclonal antibody with a human Fc fragment, which induces similar cellular activation as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies. PMID: 28771917
4. PF4 was produced by Ly6G+CD11b+ immature myeloid cells in the early stage premetastatic lungs, and decreased during metastatic progression. PMID: 27223426
5. The CXCL4 monomer acts as the minimal active unit for interacting with CXCR3 N-Terminal Sulfated Peptide, and sulfation of N-terminal tyrosine residues on the receptor is important for binding. PMID: 28945356
6. These findings support PF4 as a cancer-enhancing endocrine signal that controls discrete aspects of bone marrow hematopoiesis and tumor microenvironment. PMID: 27829148
7. data support that increased levels of circulating CXCL4 may contribute to immune dysregulation through the modulation of dendritic cell differentiation PMID: 28515281
8. Endometrial CXCL4 mRNA concentrations were significantly increased during menstruation. In women with heavy menstrual bleeding, CXCL4 was reduced in endothelial cells during the menstrual phase compared with women with normal menstrual bleeding. These data implicate CXCL4 in endometrial repair after menses. PMID: 28323919
9. Two haplotype blocks, one upstream to the coding region of UGT2A1 (rs146712414, P = 9.1 x 10(-5); odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.56) and one downstream of the genes PF4/PPBP/CXCL5 (rs1595009, P = 1.3 x 10(-4); OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.15-1.52), were associated with AgP. PMID: 28467728
10. These data demonstrate that the CXCR2 network and CXCL4 play a role in the maintenance of normal HSC/HPC cell fates, including survival and self-renewal. PMID: 27222476
11. The major aim of this review article was to evaluate the role of CXCL4 in hematological malignancies, promotion of HSC quiescence as well as BM niche cells. PMID: 26803701
12. binding of PF4 to perlecan was found to inhibit both FGF2 signaling and platelet activation PMID: 28115521
13. CXCL4 plays an important role in pancreatic inflammation PMID: 27183218
14. The hitherto unknown association of increased serum CXCL4 with features of microvascular impairment in primary Sjogren's syndrome, along with the negative association with features of lymphocytic response suggest clarifying the possible implication of this chemokine in primary Sjogren's syndrome pathogenesis in larger studies. PMID: 27562035
15. serum concentration of CXCL4 was significantly increased in patients with Chronic Liver Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD); CXCL4 mRNA was significantly increased in subjects with CLAD versus individuals without CLAD PMID: 28053995
16. Plasma levels of CXCL4 are associated with tumour vascularity. PMID: 27098116
17. Data suggest that, in patients with hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis, PF4/CXCL4 serum levels are significantly lower in those with subclinical hypothyroidism than in euthyroid control subjects. PMID: 26142741
18. Expression of CXCL4 and aquaporin 3 and 10 mRNAs in middle ear effusion is associated with the pathophysiology of otitis media with effusion. PMID: 26810286
19. PF4 changed its structure upon binding to polyP in a similar way as seen in PF4/heparin complexes. PF4/polyP complexes exposed neoepitopes to which human anti-PF4/heparin antibodies bound. PMID: 26225544
20. PF4 has a complex intramedullary life cycle with important implications in megakaryopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell replication not seen with other tested alpha granule proteins. PMID: 26256688
21. A subset of heparin-treated patients produce subthreshold levels of platelet-activating anti-PF4/heparin antibodies that do not cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. PMID: 26291604
22. Synovial Cxcl4 mRNA and protein were increased in early rheumatoid arthritis compared to uninflamed controls and resolving arthritis. PMID: 25858640
23. Results found that CXCL4 plasma levels did not differ between patients with and without coronary artery disease. Also, no association between CXCL4 levels and plaque characteristics including plaque volume, calcium score, or vascular remodeling. PMID: 26524462
24. Heparin enhances antigen uptake and activation of the initial steps in the cellular immune response to PF4-containing complexes. PMID: 25960020
25. PF4-heparin complexes can elicit a TLR4-mediated response, suggesting that these complexes can mimic a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and supporting the suggestion that the HIT immune response represents a misdirected host defense mechanism. PMID: 25604035
26. CXCL4 insufficiency may be involved in specific inflammatory microenvironment of ovarian cancers arising in endometriosis. PMID: 22555803
27. effective for prediction of the risk of thrombosis in hemodialysis patients PMID: 24665827
28. although all HIT antibodies recognize PF4 in a complex with heparin, only a subset of these antibodies recognize more subtle epitopes induced in PF4 when it binds to CS, the major platelet glycosaminoglycan PMID: 25342714
29. The interaction of PF4 with unfractionated heparin (UFH), its 16-, 8-, and 6-mer subfractions, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and the pentasaccharide fondaparinux, was characterized. PMID: 25150299
30. CXCL4 and CXCL4L1 activated p38 MAPK, as well as Src kinase within 30 and 5 min, respectively. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation occurred in activated lymphocytes. PMID: 24469069
31. eutopic endometrial stromal cells from deep infiltrating endometriosis patients are attracted into the peritoneal cavity through the interaction between CXCR4 expressed on their membrane and CXCL12 produced in the peritoneal cavity. PMID: 24534089
32. Data suggest that healthy adult stem cells exposed to vitreous/aqueous humors of subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy results in increased expression of CXCL4, serpin F1, and endothelin-1 (aqueous only). PMID: 25159325
33. Platelet factor 4 exhibits antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. PMID: 23245326
34. Plasma VEGF was significantly reduced in low birth weight (LBW) neonates while that of sVEGFR-1 and PF4 were significantly higher. VEGF/sVEGF/PF4 pathway seems to be involved in the endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction in LBW neonates. PMID: 23701307
35. Platelet factor 4 has significant crosstalk with vascular endothelial growth factor by modulating cell migration and signal transduction pathways. PMID: 24023389
36. Baseline PF4 and beta-TG plasma levels were found remarkably higher and no significant reduction was observed at the endpoint in patients with residual major depression PMID: 23611535
37. RUNX1, but not its mutants, strongly and synergistically activates PF4 expression along with ETS family proteins PMID: 23848403
38. certain genotypes of ACP1 associated with high phosphatase activity may increase the T-cell response to PF4-heparin complexes, with higher levels of circulating antibodies PMID: 23621699
39. Histones regulate activated protein C formation in a manner similar to PF4 and suggest heparinoids may be benificial in sepsis. PMID: 24177324
40. physical relationship between the PF4-positive thrombi and the heparin-coated surface suggests that onset of HIT II could be influenced by the immobilized heparin coating PMID: 23769097
41. Distinct specificity and single-molecule kinetics characterize the interaction of pathogenic and non-pathogenic antibodies against platelet factor 4-heparin complexes with platelet factor 4. PMID: 24097975
42. Release of CXCL4 by activated platelets inhibits HIV-1 infection of adjacent T cells at the stage of virus entry. PMID: 23634812
43. Anti-PF4/heparin IgG antibodies generated after coronary artery bypass grafting are associated with early venous graft occlusion. PMID: 23216710
44. Report ability of enoxaparin-derived oligosaccharides to induce platelet activation and exposure of platelet-factor 4 epitopes recognized by antibodies developed in heparin induced thrombocytopenia. PMID: 22235911
45. This study aimed at examining the presence and role of chemokines (angiogenic CCL2/MCP-1 and angiostatic CXCL4/PF-4, CXCL9/Mig, CXCL10/IP-10) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. PMID: 23352833
46. This study highlights the importance of PF4 variants in the regulation of platelet activation (PF4) and systemic inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) serum biomarkers. PMID: 22763266
47. platelet molecule platelet factor 4 (PF4 or CXCL4) and the erythrocyte Duffy-antigen receptor (Fy) are necessary for platelet-mediated killing of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. PMID: 23224555
48. The present review describes the role of CXCL4-PF4 in cancer, the immunobiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of HIT, and the specific problems faced in cancer patients. PMID: 22682144
49. Differences in the properties of anti-PF4 antibodies that cause thrombocytopenia not revealed by ELISA that correlate with oligomerization of PF4 and sustained high-avidity interactions that may simulate transient antibody-antigen interactions in vivo. PMID: 22577175
50. Examined the prognostic values of SARS-associated proteome, and deciphered the identities of those with prognostic values.The associations of decreased serum PF4 and increased serum beta-TG levels with poor prognosis were confirmed by Western blot. PMID: 22740477

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HGNC: 8861

OMIM: 173460

KEGG: hsa:5196

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000296029

UniGene: Hs.81564