Mouse Apelin ELISA kit

Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR). Drives internalization of APLNR. Apelin-36 dissociates more hardly than (pyroglu)apelin-13 from APLNR. Hormone involved in the regulation of cardiac precursor cell movements during gastrulation and heart morphogenesis. Has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production in response to T-cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking; the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and the milk might therefore modulate immune responses in neonates. Plays a role in early coronary blood vessels formation. Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing vasopressin release and drinking behavior.

1. apelin effects on dynamic mechanical characteristics of single ventricular cardiomyocytes PMID: 28935153
2. Study shows that apelin-13 ameliorates chronic normobaric hypoxia-induced anxiety-like behavior in mice. Anxiolytic effects of apelin-13 might be associated with an inhibition of NF-kappaB and microglial activation in the hippocampus. PMID: 28065733
3. Results revealed that apelin-13 attenuated brain edema and reduced cellular death by suppressing apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. PMID: 27343409
4. miR-503 promotes cardiac fibrosis via miR-503-Apelin-13-TGF-beta-CTGF-collagen production pathway. PMID: 26756969
5. Apelin directly interferes with thrombin-mediated signaling pathways and platelet activation, secretion, and aggregation, but not with ADP and thromboxane A2-mediated pathways. PMID: 26634301
6. Apelin regulates inflammatory response, diminishes inflammatory remote organ damage and improves survival in an experimental model of burn sepsis, which is at least partly mediated by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B dependent pathway. PMID: 26163884
7. apelin is a potential activator of inflammation factors through the PI3K/Akt and Erk signaling pathway and is potential therapeutically relevant to inflammatory responses of microglia cells PMID: 25951933
8. we showed the effect of Apelin on RAW264.7 macrophage under normal and hypoxic condition, which could further influence the angiogenesis and inflammation process that promoted by macrophages. PMID: 25963277
9. PDL- and Cer-induced CP resulted in increased production of the pancreatic BMP2, apelin, and PTHrP signaling systems and that significant cross talk occurred among pancreatic BMP2, apelin, and PTHrP PMID: 26229008
10. Therapeutic potential of apelin to prevent myocardial metabolic abnormalities in heart failure paired with obesity. PMID: 25027224
11. Data suggest that CTRP3 (cartducin) up-regulates expression and secretion of adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, and apelin) in adipocytes; these responses to CTRP3 are down-regulated by insulin resistance or inhibition of AMPK signaling. PMID: 25168658
12. Apelin enhances not only the differentiation and metabolic activity of brown adipocytes but also the browning of white adipocytes. PMID: 25931124
13. for the first time, our results indicate that apelin-13 blocks STM formation and LTM consolidation in novel object recognition task. PMID: 25445607
14. Apelin-13 decreases lipid storage in hypertrophic adipocytes in vitro through the upregulation of AQP7 expression by the PI3K signaling pathway. PMID: 25080850
15. Hypothalamic apelin is one master switch that participates in the onset of diabetes by directly acting on liver function. PMID: 23879244
16. EPA increases apelin/APJ expression in muscle, apelin may act in a paracrine/autocrine manner to contribute to these benefical effects. PMID: 24244380
17. APLN is a critical regulator of the myocardial response to infarction and ischemia. PMID: 23817469
18. Data indicate that the protein expression levels of clock and apelin were significantly reduced when insulin-resistant adipocytes were treated with melatonin (Mel) and Neu-P11. PMID: 23963596
19. ACE2 was downregulated in apelin-deficient mice. Apelin, via activation of its receptor, APJ, increased ACE2 promoter activity in vitro and upregulated ACE2 expression in failing hearts in vivo. ACE2 couples the RAS to the apelin system. PMID: 24177423
20. Apelin is not only a potent endothelial growth factor, but also restricts pericyte recruitment, establishing a new connection between endothelial cell proliferation signaling and a trigger of mural recruitment. PMID: 23640575
21. upregulated apelin in type 2 diabetes promotes angiogenesis in glomeruli to form abnormal vessels PMID: 23577111
22. Apelin-APJ signaling plays a novel role as a potent regulator of endothelial MEF2 function in the developing cardiovascular system. PMID: 23603510
23. Apelin ameliorates TNF-alpha-induced reduction of glycogen synthesis in the hepatocytes through G protein-coupled receptor APJ. PMID: 23437347
24. The results indicate that apelin inhibits HFD-induced obesity by enhancing vessel integrity. Apelin could serve as a therapeutic target for treating obesity and related diseases. PMID: 23378608
25. Apelin-13 elicits its action on the consolidation of passive avoidance learning via alpha-adrenergic, 5-HT2 serotonergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABA-A-ergic and nitric oxide mediations. PMID: 23131543
26. Results indicate that apelin functions as a physiologically significant antianabolic factor in bone in vivo. PMID: 23584856
27. Apelin is able to inhibit lipolysis by stabilizing the lipid droplets. PMID: 22842084
28. apelin/APJ system may be a crucial factor for pathological retinal angiogenesis.(review) PMID: 21804324
29. a novel physiological role of apelin in alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pancreas of type 1 diabetes. PMID: 21762740
30. apelin/APJ system in the spinal cord has a neuroprotective effect against the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis PMID: 21887354
31. Apelin and the proopiomelanocortin system: a new regulatory pathway of hypothalamic alpha-MSH release. PMID: 21846903
32. These data provide compelling evidence that central apelin participates in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and suggest a novel pathophysiological mechanism involved in the transition from normal to diabetic state. PMID: 21395477
33. Data describe a BMPR2-mediated transcriptional complex between PPARgamma and beta-catenin, and suggest that apelin could be effective in treating PAH by rescuing BMPR2 and PAEC dysfunction. PMID: 21821917
34. Apelin negatively regulates lipolysis. Its actions may be mediated by pathways involving G(q), G(i), and AMP-activated protein kinase. PMID: 21047945
35. apelin is a prerequisite factor for hypoxia-induced retinal angiogenesis PMID: 20705920
36. Mechanisms mediating eicosaspentaeonic-acid induced apelin synthesis and/or secretion are complex, involving steps that are PI3K dependent and steps that are PI3K independent. PMID: 20352620
37. apelin is necessary for the maintenance of insulin sensitivity in vivo PMID: 19861585
38. apelin is an endogenous neuroprotective adipocytokine that may block apoptosis and excitotoxic death via cellular and molecular mechanisms PMID: 20152832
39. Transgenic overexpression of apelin in keratinocytes induces enlarged but not leaky blood vessels in the dermis. PMID: 20185589
40. Insulin and obesity up-regulate apelin in adipocytes. PMID: 15677759
41. First evidence to our knowledge for apelin-mediated myosin light chain phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo, which is a potential mechanism of apelin-mediated vasoconstriction. PMID: 16556853
42. Apelin might be a candidate to understand potential links between obesity and associated disorders such as inflammation and insulin resistance. PMID: 16723381
43. These data suggest that apelin behaves as a potent activator of tumour neoangiogenesis by a paracrine effect on host vessels. PMID: 17563744
44. Apelin is crucial to maintain cardiac contractility in pressure overload and aging PMID: 17673668
45. novel evidence for the regulatory roles of renal apelin system in vascular functions in diabetes PMID: 17692936
46. The apelin-APJ pathway may thus provide a mechanism for systemic endothelial monitoring of tissue perfusion and adaptive regulation of cardiovascular function. PMID: 17906101
47. Spatiotemporally regulated apelin/APJ signaling participates in retinal vascularization in a cooperative manner with VEGF or FGF2, and contributes to normal ocular development. PMID: 18599802
48. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha knockdown abolishes hypoxia-induced apelin expression. PMID: 18617693
49. apelin/APJ signaling pathways play a critical role in the development of the functional vascular network in adipose tissue. In addition, we have shown that adipocyte-derived apelin can be up-regulated by hypoxia. PMID: 18708591
50. apelin signaling can block Angiotensin II actions in vascular disease by increasing NO production and inhibiting Angiotensin II cellular signaling PMID: 18769630

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Secreted. Secreted, extracellular space.

Apelin family

Expressed in extraembryonic visceral endoderm and in the primitive streak at 6.5 and 7.5 dpc. Expressed in the anterior visceral yolk sac at 8.25 dpc. Expressed weakly in the embryonic heart at 11.5 dpc. Expressed in the adult heart. Expressed in endothel

KEGG: mmu:30878

STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000046012

UniGene: Mm.29262