Rat ghrelin (GHRL) ELISA kit

Ghrelin is the ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1 (GHSR). Induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Has an appetite-stimulating effect, induces adiposity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Involved in growth regulation.; Obestatin may be the ligand for GPR39. May have an appetite-reducing effect resulting in decreased food intake. May reduce gastric emptying activity and jejunal motility.

1. Obestatin regulates cardiovascular function and promotes cardioprotection through the nitric oxide pathway. PMID: 28744974
2. Targeted inhibition of ghrelin gene in pancreatic acinar cells of acute pancreatitis can upregulate the expression of the intracellular inflammatory factors and alleviate the intracellular calcium overload. PMID: 28984792
3. Study concludes that the ghrelin receptors of the lumbosacral defecation centers have a physiological role in the control of defecation, but that their role is not dependent on ghrelin. PMID: 28801520
4. Study shows that ghrelin appears to act as a modulating factor for binge-like eating behaviour by shifting food preference towards a more nutritious choice (from high fat diet to chow), with these effects being somewhat divergent from fasting. PMID: 28219000
5. results reveal that ghrelin can regulate negative emotionality in unstressed animals without altering appetite. PMID: 28010876
6. Findings provide evidence that ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 signaling interact in the hypothalamic control of metabolic function. PMID: 27454242
7. ghrelin may provide neuroprotective effect in COH retinas through activating ghrelin/GHSR-1a system, which was mediated by inhibiting retinal autophagy, ganglion cell apoptosis, and Muller cell gliosis. PMID: 29222553
8. These results provide new insights into the mechanism by which ghrelin regulates voluntary activity independent of arcuate nucleus neurons. PMID: 27825986
9. In order to elucidate the possible role of HO-1 in mediating the protective effects of ghrelin, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) HO-1 blocker was administrated; it significantly attenuated the gastroprotective effect of ghrelin. In conclusion HO-1 activity significantly contributes toward ghrelin-mediated gastroprotection. PMID: 28635609
10. Expression of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor and glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of pancreatic islets. PMID: 28410130
11. l-Ornithine stimulates growth hormone secretion through the sympathetic nervous and ghrelin systems. PMID: 28513740
12. These findings have implications for how females may respond to stress throughout life, suggesting the way ghrelin modifies the stress response at the level of the pituitary may be less efficient in the neonatally overfed. PMID: 28282447
13. Data suggest that changes in obestatin, GPR39, and ghrelin may contribute to metabolic abnormalities in T1DM, T2DM, and obesity. PMID: 27106635
14. Up-regulation of miR-21 by ghrelin ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting inflammation and cell apoptosis. PMID: 27152763
15. First demonstration that the stomach-produced hormone ghrelin increases impulsivity and also indicates that ghrelin can change two major components of impulsivity-motor and choice impulsivity. PMID: 26424164
16. Findings show that obestatin is expressed in adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells promoting cell proliferation and preventing apoptosis. PMID: 26586206
17. Ghrelin positively regulates GI motility by exciting both central and enteric neurons, including those of paraventricular nucleus by activating growth hormone secretagogue receptor & neuropeptide Y pathways & muscarinic acetylcholine receptors PMID: 26431788
18. Results from this study indicate that exogenous ghrelin induces expression and activity of cardiac iNOS via Akt phosphorylation followed by NFkappaB activation in HF rats. PMID: 26600052
19. These results suggest that administration of ghrelin ameliorates impaired angiogenesis in diabetic MI rats. And these beneficial effects derive from regulating GHSR1a-mediated AMPK/eNOS signal pathway PMID: 26364514
20. The expression of hypothalamic ghrelin was suppressed at puberty onset. PMID: 24668712
21. Central acylated ghrelin improves memory function and hippocampal AMPK activation and partly reverses the impairment of energy and glucose metabolism in rats infused with beta-amyloid. PMID: 26188171
22. Because ghrelin is related to food anticipatory activity, it is plausible that ghrelin participates in the circadian rhythm of daily activity including eating behavior. PMID: 26122892
23. Administration of either obestatin or ghrelin exerts similar protective effects against I/R-induced ileal and pulmonary injury, thus warranting further investigation for their possible use against ischemic intestinal injury. PMID: 26032330
24. The results of the present study suggest that ghrelin secretion from isolated islets is not glucose-dependent. PMID: 26612921
25. may act primarily via a central pathway within the brain to suppress sympathetic nerve activity after myocardial infarction PMID: 26121343
26. Gastric ghrelin levels increased in two- and three-month diabetic rats compared to the control rats. PMID: 26467127
27. The ghrelin system may play an important role regulating cardiac remodeling after MI and present as a potential significant target for pharmacological modulation and treating cardiac remodeling. PMID: 25058156
28. Results suggest that ghrelin mediates a novel branch of the stress response and highlight a previously unrecognized role for ghrelin and growth hormone in maladaptive changes following prolonged stress PMID: 24126924
29. Total serum ghrelin levels were significantly increased in rats with human neuroblastoma transplants and altered for those with hepatoblastoma. PMID: 25111274
30. The data showed that intraportal infusion of ghrelin exerted an inhibitory effect on GLP-1 secretion through growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1alpha (GHS1alpha receptor). PMID: 25247193
31. Ghrelin may exert its effects by influencing the functional status of different cell types in the gastric muscle layer to subsequently enhance the contractive effect of cholinergic neurotransmitters and enhance gastric motility. PMID: 25230765
32. Acute orexigenic and hyperglycemic effects of T3 are associated with ghrelin secretion and activity. PMID: 24357139
33. these results suggest that ghrelin markedly decreases IBa via the activation of GHS-R1a, which is coupled sequentially to the activities of Go-protein betagamma subunits and the downstream PKA pathway PMID: 25049077
34. These results indicate the importance of peripheral obestatin in the cholinergic control of intestinal contractility in both neonatal and adult rats. PMID: 25193331
35. our results demonstrate that protein kinase C delta phosphorylation at Ser/Tyr plays a critical role in the modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to H. pylori LPS by ghrelin PMID: 24840386
36. ghrelin enhances the proliferation of murine CD4+ primary T cells and a CD4+ T-cell line PMID: 25447526
37. Ghrelin expression was detected in the ciliary processes and GHSR-1 expression was detected in the trabecular meshwork and ciliary body. PMID: 24780389
38. Ghrelin has a role in modulating fMRI BOLD response of homeostatic and hedonic brain centers regulating energy balance in male but not female rats PMID: 24830778
39. Peripherally circulating ghrelin was found to not mediate alcohol-induced reward. PMID: 24428428
40. Total ghrelin secretion during the 24-h period increased in the restricted feeding schedule as a result of elevation of the unacylated form PMID: 24617825
41. Serum levels of ghrelin are significantly positively correlated with Ang II in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients and that ghrelin can inhibit Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by down-regulating AT1R, thereby playing a role in preventing HF. PMID: 24465706
42. Bilateral ovariectomization leads to histological changes in the uterine tissue and decreased endometrium ghrelin immunoreactivity. PMID: 24979506
43. It is mainly produced in the stomach and inhibits the neural activity of the gastric branch of the afferent vagus nerve PMID: 24366191
44. Ghrelin plays an important role in promoting gastric motility. PMID: 24036593
45. Ghrelin stimulates food intake and weight gain and may also induce mechanisms of cell protection that help to detour or delay systemic inflammatory responses and hypothalamic gliosis due to excess weight gain. PMID: 24848869
46. Acylated ghrelin leads to earlier network formation and activation in cultured cortical neuronal networks, the latter being a possibly consequence of accelerated synaptogenesis. PMID: 24742241
47. Ghrelin accelerates the healing of oral ulcers. PMID: 24304579
48. data identify the VTA to NAc dopaminergic projections, along with D1-like and D2 receptors in the NAc, as essential elements of the ghrelin responsive circuits controlling food reward behavior. PMID: 23770258
49. Ghrelin administration reduced ventricular arrhythmias concomitant with prevention of the loss of connexin-43 during acute myocardial infarction. PMID: 23494606
50. After 2-weeks of hypoxia, erythropoietin transcripts and erythropoietin plasma levels were significantly increased in hypoxic animals compared with control animals. PMID: 24524370

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Secreted.

Motilin family

Ghrelin is broadly expressed with higher expression in the stomach. Very low levels are detected in the hypothalamus, heart, lung, pancreas, intestine and adipose tissue. Obestatin is most highly expressed in jejunum, and also found in duodenum, stomach,

KEGG: rno:59301

STRING: 10116.ENSRNOP00000014103

UniGene: Rn.42103