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DSG2:桥粒芯蛋白家族DSGs表达最广泛的成员,心肌病、腺病毒和肿瘤新兴靶点?

日期:2023-05-15 16:52:35

DSG2是一种跨膜糖蛋白,属于钙粘蛋白家族中的桥粒芯蛋白家族DSGs成员。多种桥粒蛋白的突变均可导致心肌病的发生,包括如DSG2、Desmocollin-2(DSC2)、Desmoplakin(DSP)和Plakophilin-2(PKP2)等。其中,DSG2基因突变为较常见的诱因之一。越来越多的证据显示,DSG2在某些恶性肿瘤中也具有重要作用,并与恶性程度和预后密切相关。近期研究还揭示,DSG2是人55型腺病毒HAdV55的主要受体;另有报道,DSG2调控细胞外泌体EVs释放,从而调节肿瘤微环境,促进肿瘤进展。

目前,已有研究显示,部分药物或DSGs抗体可以针对DSGs的表达和功能进行调节,达到治疗疾病的目的。DSG2作为桥粒芯蛋白家族DSGs表达最广泛的成员,未来,进一步探索DSG2在生理和病理过程中的作用,将为心肌病、腺病毒和肿瘤等疾病治疗提供一个极具潜力的新研究方向。


1. 桥粒芯蛋白家族DSGs

桥粒芯蛋白家族(Desmogleins,DSGs)作为细胞表面跨膜蛋白,是组成细胞紧密连接—桥粒结构的重要部分。桥粒芯蛋白家族DSGs共有4种亚型(DSG1、DSG2、DSG3、DSG4),与桥粒胶蛋白家族(Desmocollins,DSCs)的3种亚型(DSC1DSC2DSC3)一起组成了桥粒钙黏素家族。这些蛋白与桥粒斑蛋白DSP等共同构成细胞黏附结构—桥粒或半桥粒,其中桥粒芯蛋白家族DSGs作为关键蛋白,调节相邻细胞间的联合,在细胞间的黏附和信息传递过程中发挥着重要的作用 [1-3]

在人体中,桥粒芯蛋白DSGs主要存在于表皮、毛囊、指甲和心脏等组织中 [4]。DSGs被发现在皮肤、黏膜、心脏、遗传性疾病、自身免疫性以及肿瘤等多种疾病中出现表达或功能异常。已有研究表明,通过调节DSGs的表达可以有效地治疗天疱疮、心肌病和肿瘤 [5-7]。因此,桥粒芯蛋白家族DSGs有望成为多种重大疾病治疗的新靶点。


2. 什么是DSG2?

2.1 DSG2的结构

桥粒芯糖蛋白2(Desmoglein 2,DSG2),又名ARVC10、ARVD10、CDHF5、CMD1BB。DSG2作为桥粒芯家族DSGs成员,参与桥粒结构组成,对桥粒结构装配和稳定起到重要作用。桥粒与细胞黏附连接有关,黏附连接在肿瘤的发展中起着重要作用。DSG2蛋白结构主要包括:胞外4个钙黏蛋白重复区(EC1-4)、跨膜区TM、胞内钙黏蛋白片段ICD、富含脯氨酸连接序列LD、重复单元区RUD和终末端富含甘氨酸区TD(图1[8]

DSG2结构示意图

图1. DSG2结构示意图 [8]

2.2 DSG2的表达

DSG2蛋白是桥粒芯蛋白家族DSGs中分布最为广泛的亚型,在含有桥粒的组织中均会出现。许多上皮、非上皮起源的组织均发现其表达,如脑、心脏、肝、骨骼肌、皮肤、结肠、膀胱、胃、心肌、淋巴滤泡树突网 [9-10]。现有研究发现,DSG2异常表达与多种肿瘤相关,如胃癌、皮肤癌、乳腺癌、食管鳞状细胞癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、多发性骨髓瘤等 [11-14]

2.3 DSG2的功能

DSG2被认为是桥粒中最重要的结构。DSG2除了维持细胞间粘附性和保持组织的完整性,还可调节许多细胞进程,包括细胞增殖、分化、细胞凋亡、组织形成等。研究发现,DSG2突变会导致黏附力破坏,可引起心脏闰盘结构发生变化,导致心律失常性右室心肌病ARVC或扩张性心肌病DCM [15-16];DSG2通过C SrcCav1依赖性机制正向调节EGFR信号通路来刺激细胞生长和迁移 [17];胚胎着床时,DSG2基因缺失可引起胚胎干细胞增殖缺陷,诱导胚胎干细胞死亡 [18-19]


3. DSG2相关的信号通路

DSG2在多种肿瘤中的表达发生改变。然而,不同类型肿瘤中,DSG2的表达情况以及肿瘤如何调节并克服粘附分子的作用还缺乏完整的认识。普遍认为恶性肿瘤的浸润和转移与细胞粘附性缺失相关,许多疾病伴发桥粒蛋白的改变。一些研究提示,DSG2蛋白通过改变桥粒连接的结构和功能,调节细胞间粘附性,促进或抑制肿瘤侵袭和转移。

在结直肠癌中,沉默DSG2表达,可改变EGFR的磷酸化状态及其下游细胞外信号调节激酶活性,抑制EGFR信号通路和细胞增殖 [20]。在皮肤癌中,DSG2的过表达激活多条信号通路,如PI3-kinase/AKTMEK/MAPKNF-κB,从而促进癌细胞增殖导致恶性转化 [21-23]。在前列腺癌中,Snail介导E-cadherin转录抑制,而对DSG2表达无影响 [24]

在卵巢癌中,敲除CD133的卵巢透明细胞癌干细胞中,DSG2表达显著下调,表明DSG2可能参与干细胞的恶性转化 [25-26]。在宫颈癌中,E钙黏蛋白在转录水平出现下调后,DSG2蛋白结构发生改变,导致细胞间黏附功能减弱,促进高级别鳞状上皮内病变的发生 [27]。在肺腺癌中,DSG2通过EGFR/Src/PAK1通路调控癌细胞的进展,其高表达可增加肿瘤对奥西美替尼(Osimertinib)的耐药性(图2[28]

DSG2参与靶向药物Osimertinib耐药机制

图2. DSG2参与靶向药物Osimertinib耐药机制 [28]


4. DSG2与哪些疾病相关?

DSG2作为桥粒结构中主要介导细胞黏附力的跨膜糖蛋白,其突变与心肌疾病、肠道炎症等疾病有直接关系。在多种肿瘤细胞中证实,DSG2异常缺失所导致的细胞黏附力下降,与癌细胞侵袭迁移能力增强以及癌症的不良预后密切相关。

4.1 DSG2和心肌疾病

在小鼠模型中,DSG2突变杂交鼠出现类似心律失常右室心肌病ARVC患者的临床表现:心室扩大、室壁变薄、心功能下降、炎性反应和心室纤维化等。ARVC的早期临床诊断一直是个难题,主要依靠超声心电图,然而超声心电图的诊断不具有特异性。DSG2基因突变有可能作为临床ARVC患者的检测指标 [29]

4.2 DSG2和肠道疾病

研究发现KLF5敲低可干扰DSG2表达,使得细胞桥粒结构被破坏,严重损害小鼠肠道的屏障功能,从而导致炎症性肠病的发生。在克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎的患者中,DSG2和紧密连接蛋白Claudin1表达明显下调,此过程可能受到TNF的调控。特异结合DSG2结构域的串联多肽(Tandem Peptide,TP)的加入,可稳定DSG2的结构并干扰TNF诱导的肠上皮渗透性增高的现象 [30]

目前,肠道炎症疾病,尤其是克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎,主要通过糖皮质激素治疗,相对不良反应较大。因此,DSG2在肠道炎症疾病中的作用和机制研究,有望为该类疾病治疗提供新途径。

4.3 DSG2和腺病毒感染

在腺病毒亚型中,3,7,11,14亚型以及新亚型14p1,通过特异结合上皮细胞DSG2受体,导致感染的发生。在小鼠的人DSG2转基因模型中,带有重组二聚体腺病毒3型纤维纽结JO-1的腺病毒可通过识别DSG2受体,促进DSG2的胞外域降解,转移入胞,从而降低细胞间连接 [31-32]。另有报道,DSG2是人腺病毒HAdV-B55导致成人社区获得性肺炎CAP的主要受体,这对于了解腺病毒与宿主细胞之间的相互作用具有重要意义 [33]

4.4 DSG2和肿瘤

越来越多的研究发现,DSG2对于肿瘤有重要影响。例如,DSG2蛋白在部分上皮性肿瘤,包括鳞癌、基底细胞癌、黑色素瘤、结肠癌、小细胞肺癌等均异常高表达。然而,DSG2在胃癌、胰腺癌、胆囊癌中低表达,提示DSG2在不同肿瘤的发生和发展中发挥不同作用。

在胰腺癌中DSG2表达明显下降,细胞内聚力丧失,肿瘤细胞增殖侵袭迁移能力增强,同时激肽释放酶(Kallikrein7,KLK7)明显高表达,通过降解实验表明DSG2的表达降低与KLK7有关,KLK7可促进DSG2降解成多个片段,而KLK7抑制剂可阻断此过程 [34]

在多例胃癌临床标本中,DSG2表达明显降低,且与胃癌患者不良预后明显相关 [35]

在鳞癌中EGFR和ADAM均可通过促进DSG2的降解脱落入胞,减少癌细胞黏附,促进细胞迁移 [36]

在恶性黑色素瘤中DSG2的表达和不良预后密切相关,且可调控血管生成拟态(Vasculogenic mimicry,VM)。因此,DSG2作为黑色素瘤中VM活性的重要调节因子,针对DSG2的靶向治疗,有可能抑制肿瘤的血液供应和转移扩散 [37]

在头颈部鳞状细胞癌中,首次发现其外泌体(extracellular vesicles,EVs)富含有DSG2蛋白的C端片段,DSG2异常高表达促进EVs释放促有丝分裂的相关因子,如表皮生长因子受体C-Src等。同时,其循环血液中被释放的EVs中DSG2也更加丰富,这为癌症诊断提供了新的途径 [38-39]

总体而言,DSG2不仅可作为黏附分子调节细胞间黏附,还可调节外泌体的分泌和旁分泌信号,并改变外泌体,使之分泌更多促有丝分裂相关因子,影响肿瘤微环境,促进肿瘤细胞生长。


5. DSG2的临床在研药物

来自Pharmsnap的最新数据表明,台湾全福生物科技股份有限公司(BRM-131)和美国Renovacor, Inc.(DSG2 AAV gene therapy)这两家公司正在开展针对DSG2的药物研发,目前处于药物发现阶段。DSG2作为桥粒结构中不可分割的组成部分,其缺失可能导致自身免疫性疾病、感染性疾病和遗传性疾病,并影响相关组织的功能。越来越多的研究已表明,DSG2基因突变和表达水平变化会影响肿瘤细胞增殖,使其成为多种肿瘤的早期预警标志。

同时,利用DSG2靶向治疗并研究其所影响的信号通路,将有望提高DSG2诱导疾病的传统药物的治疗效果。目前,DSG2作为桥粒芯蛋白家族中表达广泛的跨膜蛋白,在心肌病、肠道炎症、腺病毒以及肿瘤等疾病的治疗上成为了一个新兴靶点。

为鼎力协助各药企针对DSG2在心肌病、肠道炎症、腺病毒以及肿瘤等疾病在临床中的研究,CUSABIO推出DSG2活性蛋白产品(CSB-MP622752HU),助力您在DSG2机制方面的研究或其潜在临床价值的探索(点击查看DSG2系列产品:DSG2蛋白DSG2 抗体)。

DSG2 蛋白:

Recombinant Human Desmoglein-2(DSG2),partial (Active)

High Purity Validated by SDS-PAGE

The purity was greater than 96.3% as determined by SDS-PAGE. (Tris-Glycine gel) Discontinuous SDS-PAGE (reduced) with 5% enrichment gel and 15% separation gel.

Excellent Bioactivity Validated by Functional ELISA

Immobilized Human DSG2 at 2μg/mL can bind Anti-DSG2 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA622752MA1HU), the EC50 is 20.26-38.00 ng/mL.


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