Pig transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1)ELISA Kit

Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein: Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-1, respectively.; Required to maintain the Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chain in a latent state during storage in extracellular matrix. Associates non-covalently with TGF-beta-1 and regulates its activation via interaction with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS, that control activation of TGF-beta-1. Interaction with LRRC33/NRROS regulates activation of TGF-beta-1 in macrophages and microglia. Interaction with LRRC32/GARP controls activation of TGF-beta-1 on the surface of activated regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Interaction with integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8) results in distortion of the Latency-associated peptide chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1.; Multifunctional protein that regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types and is involved in various processes, such as normal development, immune function, microglia function and responses to neurodegeneration. Activation into mature form follows different steps: following cleavage of the proprotein in the Golgi apparatus, Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains remain non-covalently linked rendering TGF-beta-1 inactive during storage in extracellular matrix. At the same time, LAP chain interacts with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS that control activation of TGF-beta-1 and maintain it in a latent state during storage in extracellular milieus. TGF-beta-1 is released from LAP by integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8): integrin-binding to LAP stabilizes an alternative conformation of the LAP bowtie tail and results in distortion of the LAP chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1. Once activated following release of LAP, TGF-beta-1 acts by binding to TGF-beta receptors (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2), which transduce signal. While expressed by many cells types, TGF-beta-1 only has a very localized range of action within cell environment thanks to fine regulation of its activation by Latency-associated peptide chain (LAP) and 'milieu molecules'. Plays an important role in bone remodeling: acts as a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts. Can promote either T-helper 17 cells (Th17) or regulatory T-cells (Treg) lineage differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. At high concentrations, leads to FOXP3-mediated suppression of RORC and down-regulation of IL-17 expression, favoring Treg cell development. At low concentrations in concert with IL-6 and IL-21, leads to expression of the IL-17 and IL-23 receptors, favoring differentiation to Th17 cells. Stimulates sustained production of collagen through the activation of CREB3L1 by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Mediates SMAD2/3 activation by inducing its phosphorylation and subsequent translocation to the nucleus. Can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in various cell types.

1. TGF-beta1 is activated or inactivated by MMP20 or KLK4 and that the amelogenin cleavage product is necessary for the in-solution mobility of TGF-beta1. PMID: 27633089
2. Activated TGF-beta signaling rescued miR-143-reduced FSHR and intracellular signaling molecules, and miR-143-induced porcine granulosa cell apoptosis. PMID: 27882941
3. TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-myofibroblast plasticity is FAK- dependent, whereas TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis is favored when FAK signaling is inhibited. PMID: 28360109
4. this study shows that TGF-beta1 protects intestinal integrity and influences Smad and MAPK signal pathways in intestinal epithelium cells after TNF-alpha challenge PMID: 28142299
5. this study shows that anemonin may ameliorate LPS-induced intestinal injury and improve restoration by regulating the TGF-b1 and EGFR signaling pathways PMID: 27189428
6. The results indicated that TGF-beta-1 was associated with the restoration of intestinal morphology and barrier function following weaning stress. PMID: 25170924
7. Data (including data from in vitro and in vivo experiments) suggest that day 14 elongated conceptus secretes proteins that up-regulate TGFbeta1 mRNA and TGFbeta1 expression in endometrium; TGFbeta1 may be important during pregnancy maintenance. PMID: 24042214
8. The effects of semen, spermatozoa in extender, or extender alone on the expression of TGF-beta1, IL-10, and IL-6 in ovarian follicles are reported. PMID: 24020676
9. Dietary (1,3/1,6)-beta-D-glucan reduced the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta2 and tended to reduce the mRNA expression of TGF-beta1 in lung tissue of neonatal piglet. PMID: 23602250
10. TGF-beta1, via TGF-beta1 receptor I and p38 MAPK signaling, reduces CFTR expression to impair CFTR-mediated anion secretion, which would likely compound the effects associated with mild CFTR mutations and ultimately would compromise male fertility. PMID: 23903699
11. High yield isolation of BMP-2 from bone and in vivo activity of a combination of BMP-2/TGF-beta1. PMID: 22927042
12. Boar seminal plasma contained TGF- beta1 and IL-10 but with high individual variation. PMID: 22482797
13. The present study was aimed to determine the association between metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) and collagen type X alpha I (COL10A1) gene polymorphisms with traits related to leg weakness in pigs. PMID: 21739142
14. Inhibition of transforming growth factor beta-1 augments liver regeneration after partial portal vein ligation in a porcine experimental model. PMID: 22251543
15. TGF-beta prevents excessive heart valve growth under normal physiological conditions while it promotes cell proliferation in the early stages of repair. PMID: 21851806
16. Crystals of dimeric porcine proTGF-beta1 reveal a ring-shaped complex, a novel fold for the prodomain, and show how the prodomain shields the growth factor from recognition by receptors and alters its conformation. PMID: 21677751
17. The effects of different polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 on litter size in Large white pigs are reported. PMID: 20088852
18. TGF-beta disrupts an IGF-II-stimulated autocrine amplification cascade that is necessary for muscle differentiation in vitro. PMID: 21106882
19. beta-Catenin plays a critical role in mediating TGF-beta1-induced myofibroblast differentiation in aortic valve interstitial cells. PMID: 21127288
20. Results suggest that Rac1 and RhoA are regulated by TGFbeta1 in the process of endothelial tube formation in collagen I gels. PMID: 16978608
21. TGFbeta may play a role in the overall process of luteinization, but it appears not to influence steroidogenesis in luteinizing pig follicles. PMID: 20378284
22. Elevated circulating TGF-beta(1) causes endothelial dysfunction through NADPH oxidase activation-induced oxidative stress, accelerating atherosclerosis and hypertension in apoE(-/-) mice. PMID: 20511416
23. TGFbeta stimulation of ANK expression is dependent upon the influx of phosphate and calcium into ATDC5 cells at all stages of differentiation. PMID: 20432454
24. Data suggest that focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-SMAD 2/3 mediate signal crosstalk between type II collagen and TGF-beta1 and regulate glycosaminoglycan secretion in chondrocytic cells. PMID: 19840848
25. show that histone deacetylase 4 overexpression promotes TGF-beta1-induced synovium-derived stem cells chondrogenesis but inhibits chondrogenically differentiated stem cell hypertrophy. PMID: 19716643
26. multiple effects of TGFbeta at the porcine conceptus-maternal interface, including integrin-mediated conceptus-maternal communication through LAP PMID: 15961561
27. Repeated injection of adenovirus expressing porcine TGF-beta1 may be useful model for studying Peyronie's disease. PMID: 17651407
28. identification of six quantitative trait loci for diabetes-related traits in F(2)-D Tgf/Tgf and F(2)-C Tgf/Tgf pigs PMID: 18160996
29. FGF2 effectively blocks transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)-mediated myofibroblast activation PMID: 18218921
30. Using the model of porcine aortic endothelial cells, we demonstrated that TGFbeta stimulates cellular spreading when cells are on collagen I; TGFbeta-stimulated Rac1-GTP accumulation, which was associated with increased MAPK p38 phosphorylation. PMID: 18387002
31. Wounding activates valve interstitial cell (VICs), and TGF-beta signaling modulates VIC response to injury. PMID: 18832581
32. Altered shear stress stimulates upregulation of endothelial VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in a BMP-4- and TGF-beta1-dependent pathway. PMID: 19023092
33. pTGF-beta1 induces human fibroblast synthesis & secretion of ET-1. TGF-beta1 activation of PI3K/AKT is not dependent on ET-1. ET-1 & TGF-beta1 independently promote fibroblast resistance to apoptosis through p38 MAPK & PI3K/AKT. PMID: 19188658
34. transforming growth factor beta has a role in the regulation of thyroid function and growth [review] PMID: 19645615

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[Latency-associated peptide]: Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix.; [Transforming growth factor beta-1]: Secreted.

TGF-beta family

KEGG: ssc:397078

STRING: 9823.ENSSSCP00000003267

UniGene: Ssc.76