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冠状病毒

冠状病毒是一类通常影响鸟类和哺乳动物,包括人类呼吸道的病毒。"冠状病毒"一词来源于其表面的冠状突起。拉丁文中,“corona”意为“光环”或“王冠”。

科学家最早于1937年分离出一种冠状病毒,他们发现一种冠状病毒是鸟类传染性支气管炎病毒,有能力摧毁家禽存栏。冠状病毒亚科的成员在哺乳动物中广泛分布,通常只引起轻微的呼吸道或肠道感染。超过60种冠状病毒(CoVs)已从蝙蝠(BtCoV)中分离出来,其中大多数属于β冠状病毒属。

人类冠状病毒(HCoVs)

人类冠状病毒(HCoVs)属于Nidovirales目,Coronaviridae科,Coronavirinae亚科,Alphacoronavirus属或Betacoronavirus属。上世纪60年代在感冒患者的鼻子中首次发现了HCoVs,它们代表了与多种呼吸道疾病相关的冠状病毒(CoVs)的一个主要群体,包括普通感冒、肺炎和支气管炎等 [1]。它们通常引起短暂的呼吸道或胃肠道疾病。

迄今为止,已经确定了七种已知的HCoVs,即HCoV-229E、HCoV-NL63、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-HKU1、严重急性呼吸综合症冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)、中东呼吸综合症冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)和2019新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)。

其中,四种HCoVs(HCoV-229E、HCoV-NL63、HCoV-OC43和HCoV-HKU1)在人群中广泛传播,占人类普通感冒感染的约三分之一 [2]

MERS-CoV Related Proteins

SARS-CoV-2 Related Proteins

Target Product Name Target Product Name
N Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (N) (Active) (E.coli) S(RBD) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S), partial, Biotinylated (Active) (Mammalian cell)
N Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (N) (E.coli) S (RBD) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
N Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (N) (Mammalian cell) S (RBD) (V367F) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S) (V367F), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
N Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (N), Biotinylated (E.coli) S (RBD) (W436R) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S) (W436R), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
nsp3 Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Non-structural protein 3(nsp3),partial (E.coli) S (RBD) (G476S) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) (G476S), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
NSP5 Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 3C-like proteinase(NSP5) (E.coli) S (RBD) (V483A) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) (V483A), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
S Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S), partial (Yeast) S (RBD) (N501Y) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) (N501Y), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
S (D614G) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S) (D614G), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell) S (RBD) (K417N) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) (K417N), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
S (N354D,D364Y) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S) (N354D,D364Y), partial  (Mammalian cell) S (RBD) (E484K) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) (E484K), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
S (N501Y,P681H) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S) (N501Y,P681H), partial  (Mammalian cell)    

Other Coronavirus Related Proteins

Target Species Product Name Target Species Product Name
S Bat CoV HKU3 Recombinant Bat coronavirus HKU3 Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Baculovirus) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (E.coli)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast) HE BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Hemagglutinin-esterase(HE) (Yeast)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Yeast) 2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (E.coli)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Baculovirus) 2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Baculovirus)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Mammalian cell) 4b BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 4.8 kDa(4b) (Yeast)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Mammalian cell) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Mammalian cell)
4b BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 4.8 kDa(4b) (Yeast) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast)
5a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa(5a) (Baculovirus) 5a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa(5a) (E.coli)
5a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa(5a) (E.coli) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast) 4b BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 4.8 kDa(4b) (Yeast)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast) 2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Baculovirus)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Mammalian cell) 2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (E.coli)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (E.coli) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S) ,partial (E.coli)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Baculovirus) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (E.coli)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (E.coli) S BtCoV/133/2005 Recombinant Bat coronavirus 133/2005 Spike glycoprotein (S),partial (E.coli)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast) S Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Recombinant Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast)
4b BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 4.8 kDa(4b) (Yeast) S Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Recombinant Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (E.coli) S Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Recombinant Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Mammalian cell)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Baculovirus) S Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Recombinant Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Mammalian cell)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (E.coli)      

冠状病毒的传播

冠状病毒可以从一个人传播到另一个人,科学家认为这些病毒通过呼吸系统中的液体,如黏液,传播。冠状病毒可以通过以下方式传播:

● 通过咳嗽和打喷嚏而进入空气中

● 密切的个人接触,比如触摸或握手

● 接触带有病毒的物体或表面,然后在洗手之前触摸口、鼻或眼睛

由冠状病毒引起的疾病

人类冠状病毒通常导致普通感冒而非严重疾病。然而,冠状病毒也是一些更严重爆发的原因,如严重急性呼吸综合症(SARS)、中东呼吸综合症(MERS)和COVID-19。

SARS

SARS是由一种冠状病毒引起的病毒性呼吸道疾病,称为严重急性呼吸综合症相关冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)。通常,它导致一种危及生命的肺炎。SARS首次于2002年11月在亚洲报告。在接下来的几个月里,这种疾病在北美、南美、欧洲和亚洲的两打国家传播,直到2003年SARS全球爆发得到控制 [3]

根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的数据,在SARS爆发期间,全球共有8,098人感染SARS,其中774人死亡。这相当于9.6%的死亡率。

SARS的症状在一周的过程中逐渐发展,开始于发热。在疾病的早期阶段,人们会出现类似流感的症状,如干咳、寒战、腹泻、呼吸急促和疼痛。通常会发展为严重的肺部感染。在其最高级阶段,SARS会导致肺部、心脏或肝脏的功能衰竭。

MERS

MERS是由一种冠状病毒引起的,被称为中东呼吸综合症冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)。科学家在2012年首次识别了这种严重的呼吸系统疾病,当时它在沙特阿拉伯爆发。从那时起,它传播到其他国家。MERS-CoV引起的临床症状与SARS-CoV相似,但死亡率要高得多,约为35% [4]

MERS的症状包括发热、呼吸急促和咳嗽。该疾病通过与已经感染的人密切接触传播。然而,所有MERS的病例都与最近从阿拉伯半岛旅行归来的个体有关。

COVID-19

2019年,疾病预防控制中心(CDC)开始监测一种新型冠状病毒,SARS-CoV-2,导致现在被称为COVID-19的呼吸系统疾病的爆发。COVID-19的症状因人而异。它可能只引起很少或没有症状。然而,它也可能导致严重的疾病,甚至致命。常见症状包括发热、呼吸急促和咳嗽。有关COVID-19的更多信息,请阅读2019新型冠状病毒

参考文献:

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[3] Graham R.L, Donaldson E.F, Baric R.S, et al. A decade after SARS: Strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses [J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2013.

[4] Al Awaidy S. T, Khamis F. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Oman: Current situation and going forward [J]. Oman Med J. 2019

[5] Lim Y. X., et al. (2016). Human coronaviruses: A review of virus-host interactions [J]. Diseases, 2016.

[6] Yeager C.L, Ashmun R.A, Williams R.K, et al. Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E. Nature, 1992.

[7] Li W, Moore M.J, Vasilieva N, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature, 2003.

[8] Li W, Sui J, Huang I.C, et al. The S proteins of human coronavirus NL63 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus bind overlapping regions of ACE2. Virology, 2007.

[9] View ORCID ProfileMarkus Hoffmann, Hannah Kleine-Weber, et al. The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells [J]. bioRxiv. 2020.

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